CONTENTS.
The Rivers of Northern New Jersey, with notes on the classification ofrivers in general: William Morris Davis
(With seven illustrations.)
A Critical Review of Bering's First Expedition, 1725-30, together witha translation of his original Report upon it: Dr. Wm. H. Dall
(Illustrated by one map.)
Supplementary note on the alleged observation of a Lunar Eclipse byBering in 1728-9: Marcus Baker
Published May, 1890.
THE
NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE.
THE RIVERS OF NORTHERN NEW JERSEY, WITH NOTES ON THE CLASSIFICATION OFRIVERS IN GENERAL.
OUTLINE.—Rivers of different kinds: consequent, antecedent,superimposed, subsequent, adjusted.—Topography of Northern NewJersey.—Revived and superimposed rivers in New Jersey.—Drainage ofthe Watchung crescent.—Re-arrangement of superimposed rivers by thegrowth of subsequent streams.—Application of this principle to theGreen river in the Uinta mountains: Powell's and Emmons' theories.—TheGreen river probably superimposed and its branches re-arranged by thegrowth of subsequent streams.—Anaclinal and reversed rivers in NewJersey.
Northern New Jersey is drained by several streams which rise in theArchean Highlands, flow southeastward across the central Triassic plainand reach the sea near the inland margin of the Cretaceous formation.
What kinds of rivers are these? Such a question can hardly be answereduntil we have examined rivers in many parts of the world, gainingmaterial for a general history of rivers by induction from as large aspossible a variety of examples; and until we have deduced from ourgeneralizations a series of critical features sufficient to serve forthe detection of rivers of different kinds wherever found.
The generalizations here referred to may be presented in the form of aclassification, following the ideas of Powell, Gilbert, Heim, Löwl andothers, as follows:
Consequent rivers.—Those that have in their birth, at the time oftheir original establishment on the country which they drain, selectedcourses in accordance with the constructional slopes of the surface;for example, the Red River of the North and such of its branches asflow on the even surface of the lacustrine plain of Lake Agassiz; theseveral streams that drain the broken lava blocks of Southern Oregon;certain streams and rivers of the Jura that drain the synclinal troughsof those mountains. Consequent streams may be divided into definite andindefinite groups. Definite consequent streams are those that followwell defined constructional channels, such as the axial line of asynclinal trough, or the lowest point of an anticlinal arch between twosynclinal basins; they are defined in location as well as in direction.Indefinite consequent streams are those that flow down constructionalslo