Things are said to be named 'equivocally' when, though they have acommon name, the definition corresponding with the name differs foreach. Thus, a real man and a figure in a picture can both lay claim tothe name 'animal'; yet these are equivocally so named, for, though theyhave a common name, the definition corresponding with the name differsfor each. For should any one define in what sense each is an animal,his definition in the one case will be appropriate to that case only.
On the other hand, things are said to be named 'univocally' which haveboth the name and the definition answering to the name in common. A manand an ox are both 'animal', and these are univocally so named,inasmuch as not only the name, but also the definition, is the same inboth cases: for if a man should state in what sense each is an animal,the statement in the one case would be identical with that in the other.
Things are said to be named 'derivatively', which derive their namefrom some other name, but differ from it in termination. Thus thegrammarian derives his name from the word 'grammar', and the courageousman from the word 'courage'.
Forms of speech are either simple or composite. Examples of the latterare such expressions as 'the man runs', 'the man wins'; of the former'man', 'ox', 'runs', 'wins'.
Of things themselves some are predicable of a subject, and are neverpresent in a subject. Thus 'man' is predicable of the individual man,and is never present in a subject.
By being 'present in a subject' I do not mean present as parts arepresent in a whole, but being incapable of existence apart from thesaid subject.
Some things, again, are present in a subject, but are never predicableof a subject. For instance, a certain point of grammatical knowledge ispresent in the mind, but is not predicable of any subject; or again, acertain whiteness may be present in the body (for colour requires amaterial basis), yet it is never predicable of anything.
Other things, again, are both predicable of a sub