Prairie Smoke
(SECOND EDITION, REVISED)
BY
MELVIN RANDOLPH GILMORE
BISMARCK, NORTH DAKOTA
1921
A COLLECTION of LORE of the PRAIRIES
COPYRIGHT 1922
By MELVIN RANDOLPH GILMORE
MAP TO SHOW THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE NATIVETRIBES IN WHAT IS NOW THE STATE OF NORTH DAKOTAAND ADJACENT STATES.
The native tribes of North Dakota are of three different linguisticstocks or races. These are the Algonkian, Siouan and Caddoan. The Algonkianrace is represented in North Dakota by one nation, the Chippewaor Ojibwa. The Siouan race is represented within our state boundariesby three nations, the Dakota (sometimes called Sioux), the Mandan, andthe Hidatsa (who are also called Gros Ventre and Minnetari). The Caddoanrace is represented by one nation, the Arikara. Other nations of theCaddoan race are the Pawnees, the Wichita and the Waco farther south.
The domain of the Dakota nation comprised southern Minnesota,northwest Iowa, almost all of South Dakota, part of northwest Nebraska,eastern Wyoming, and the southern part of North Dakota.
The Chippewa domain was around the west end of Lake Superior innorthern Wisconsin, northern Minnesota, and part of northeastern NorthDakota.
The Mandans, Hidatsas and Arikaras were three nations allied togetherfor mutual protection against the encroachments of their commonenemies who pressed upon them from all sides. The Mandan as an independentnation held domain along both sides of the Missouri River inwhat is now the central part of North Dakota. The Hidatsa were to theeast of the Mandan. The Arikara were, some centuries ago, in northernNebraska, but migrated gradually up the river. Finally they were sopressed by the incursion of the Dakotas from the east that they joinedforces with the Mandans, who allowed them place in their country inexchange for the added strength which their numbers gave against thecommon enemy. The Hidatsas and the Mandans had already, before this,made alliance, so now the three nations were allied in the region ofthe upper Missouri River within what is now North Dakota, extendingwestward a little into what is now Montana.
The several domains of the various native tribes or nations withinNorth Dakota and adjacent states are represented on this map as follows:
 | Dakota by horizontal lines, |
 | Chippewa by vertical lines, |
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